Distribution Network Structure Planning Based on Improved Immune Genetic Algorithm

Distribution Network Structure planning is a complex combinatorial optimization problem,which is difficult to solve properly by using traditional optimization methods.In order to solve this problem,Improved Immune Genetic Algorithm is introduced to the distribution network optimal planning. Improved Immune Genetic Algorithm draws into the immune diversity and antibody's density mechanism to maintain the individual's diversity and remains evolution algorithm's global stochastic searching ability,so it can promote diversity and the whole optimal-searching ability of genetic algorithm.The optimal module takes the minimum annual cost as its object,and the capacity and voltage drop of feeder and the radiation of distribution network as its restrictions.According to the require of radiation of distribution network,the spanning tree of the alternative network is taken as the initial solution to speed up the calculation.And the branch-exchange method is used in designing crossover operator and mutation operator to avoid the radiation checking and enhance the optimizing ability.This algorithm has been illustrated effectively by examples,at the same time,the calculation example demonstrates that,the algorithm has higher calculation speed than the traditional immune genetic algorithm.     

A Receiving Surface of Perturbative Photon Fluxes in Interaction Between Gravitational Waves and EM Fields

According to Electrodynamics in curved spacetime, the interaction between gravitational waves (GW) and electromagnetic (EM) fields will produce perturbative electromagnetic fields. In a special EM system, namely, a Gaussian beam (Gb) propagating through a static magnetic field, the photon flux along the direction of the electric field of the Gb will be only a pure perturbative photon flux,when a GW propagates along the symmetric axis of a Gaussian beam. Detailed alanysis and calculation of the photon flux along several typical surfaces are performed, and a possible optimum plane which can receive perturbative photons up to 10~4s~(-1) is proposed. It is possible to provide an important method to detection of GW.     

基于神经网络红枣红外辐射干燥预测模型建立

针对红枣红外辐射干燥含水率的变化具有非线性和时变性、很难利用现有的模型构造一个数学模型来描述其变化规律的问题,利用Mat Lab神经网络工具箱和红枣红外辐射干燥特性试验数据建立了神经网络预测模型。通过对实测值和模型预测值进行分析研究,得出利用BP神经网络可以较快速、准确地建立模型来描述含水率的变化规律,且模型的预测值与试验测试值误差较小,能很好地实现在线预测的效果。     

A novel environment-induced genic male sterile (EGMS) mutant in indica rice

Summary Male-sterile mutants were isolated from M₂ and M₃ generations of indica rice variety 26 Zhaizao, dry seeds of which had been exposed to ⁶⁰Co- rays at a dose of 290 Gy. The mutants were planted in early season and ratooned in late season for two successive years for identification of fertility conversion in different growing seasons. One of the mutant lines was further observed in a growth chamber and in the field. Results showed that daily average temperature might be the major factor conditioning the male fertility conversion at a moderate daylength. The critical temperature for the male fertility conversion of the mutant grown under 12.5 h and 14.0 h daylength is about 23°C, below which the plant becomes completely male sterile. Its male fertility conversion character differs from other EGMS lines so far developed. The performance of the hybrids between the mutant and some other indica varieties demonstrated its good combining ability and its potential value in hybrid rice production. The obtained mutant line still sheds KI-stainable pollen grains under male sterilizing conditions. Nevertheless, pollen grains shed from the male sterile plants were much more vulnerable than from normal plants. At sucrose concentration below 1.5 M, the pollen grains from the mutant grown under male sterilizing conditions almost completely broke down, while above 1.5 M they became plasmolysed and shrunken. This is indicative of poor development of the membrane and walls of the pollen grains from the male sterile mutant, causing the pollen grains to be unfunctional. NBT test also clarified the abortion of the pollen grains from the mutant, which were formed in the male sterilizing environment.     

棉花光合生产与干物质积累过程的模拟

在综合已有作物模拟模型优点的基础上,构建了基于生态生理过程的棉花光合生产与干物质积累动态模拟模型。模型中引用了高斯积分法计算冠层每日的PAR总截获量和光合同化量,考虑了PAR的日变化规律和太阳高度角变化对直射PAR消光系数的影响,在量化直射辐射对光合作用贡献的同时,分别计算了天空散射辐射、冠层和土壤散射辐射的强度。模型充分考虑了温度、生理年龄、氮素、水分等因子对光合作用和呼吸作用的影响。利用不同遗传类型品种、不同管理方式下的棉花干物质积累动态对模型进行了检验,结果表明模拟值与观测值吻合度较好,模型不仅具有较强的机理性而且具有较高的预测性和实用性。     

Modelling Biomass Accumulation and Partitioning in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Quantitative information regarding biomass accumulation and partitioning in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is limited or inconclusive. The objective of this study was to obtain baseline values for extinction coefficient (K_S), radiation use efficiency (RUE, g MJ^?1) and biomass partitioning coefficients of chickpea crops grown under well‐watered conditions. The stability of these parameters during the crop life cycle and under different environmental and growth conditions, caused by season and sowing date and density, were also evaluated. Two field experiments, each with three sowing dates and four plant densities, were conducted during 2002–2004. Crop leaf area index, light interception and crop biomass were measured between emergence and maturity. A K_S value of 0.5 was obtained. An average RUE of 1 g MJ^?1 was obtained. Plant density had no effect on RUE, but some effects of temperature were detected. There was no effect of solar radiation or vapour pressure deficit on RUE when RUE values were corrected for the effect of temperature. RUE was constant during the whole crop cycle. A biphasic pattern was found for biomass partitioning between leaves and stems before first‐seed stage. At lower levels of total dry matter, 54 % of biomass produced was allocated to leaves, but at higher levels of total dry matter, i.e. under favourable and prolonged conditions for vegetative growth, this portion decreased to 28 %. During the period from first‐pod to first‐seed, 60 % of biomass produced went to stems, 27 % to pods and 13 % to leaves. During the period from first‐seed to maturity, 83 % of biomass was partitioned to pods. It was concluded that using fixed partitioning coefficients after first‐seed are not as effective as they are before this stage. Environmental conditions (temperature and solar radiation) and plant density did not affect partitioning of biomass.     

Thermal Infrared Radiation for Assessing Crop Water Stress in Wheat

Field studies on differentially irrigated wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crops were conducted at Pantnagar for two years to evaluate the use of thermal infrared radiation to detect crop water stress. Data show that the stress-degree-day index (mid day canopy-air temperature difference) is influenced by environmental variability other than soil moisture. Improvement in the stress-degree-day (SDD) index was achieved by including the measurements of vapor pressure deficit and approach was termed as plant water stress index (PWSI). Observations indicated that daily variation in SDD values due to meteorological changes was removed through PWSI. Better correlation was found between soil-induced leaf water potential and plant water stress index than between total leaf water potential and plant water stress index. It is concluded that remote sensing of thermal infrared radiation offers a promising technique which can be incorporated into irrigation management programme.     

日光温室气象环境综合研究(三)——几种弧型采光屋面温室内直射光量的比较研究

本文计算了北京地区四种弧型采光屋面的温室内10～4月各月平均太阳直接辐射日总量(简称直射光总量),并进行了比较。结果表明10～4月室内直射光总量均以圆面——抛物面组合型温室最高,椭圆面最低。圆面和抛物面相比,冬季(11～2月)前者优于后者,春季(3～4月)相反。